Crude exports — northern routes (Ceyhan, Qayara, Kirkuk)

Crude leaving by the northern routes — Ceyhan, al-Qayara, Kirkuk. Small beside Basrah and far more political: this line moves with Baghdad’s relations with Erbil and Ankara rather than with demand, and it sat near zero through 2024 while the Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline was shut.